Many physicians incorporate their practices to enjoy the same benefits as other self-employed incorporated individuals. However, important tax changes affecting Canadian private corporations that were introduced several years ago can have significant implications for physicians with a professional corporation or those physicians considering incorporation.
Your provincial professional governing body or association has its own rules and standards that must be respected when allowing its members to practice through a professional corporation. As with other professionals – such as lawyers, accountants, engineers and architects – physicians have the opportunity to incorporate their practices to realize many tax and other benefits. However, the amended tax legislation may impact the planning that many physicians with professional corporations undertake, and the decision on whether to incorporate for those not currently incorporated. This article provides a brief overview of the benefits of operating your medical practice through a professional corporation and the possible implications of these tax changes; however, it’s important to seek independent legal and tax advice regarding your particular situation.
Benefits of professional incorporation
By incorporating your practice, you can take advantage of certain financial benefits and opportunities, including:
Defer personal tax
Deferring personal income tax is one of the main reasons professionals incorporate their practices. Active business income retained in a professional corporation — which is not a “personal services business” (i.e., an incorporated employee) — is taxed at either the small business corporate income tax rate,1,2 or the general corporate tax rate, both of which are significantly lower than the highest personal income tax rate. For example, in Alberta the combined Federal/provincial small business corporate tax rate for 2023 is 11 per cent on the first $500,000 of earnings, and the combined general corporate rate is 23 per cent; whereas the combined top personal tax rate is 48 per cent. By retaining a portion of your professional earnings within the corporation, you defer paying personal income tax until a later date when the funds are withdrawn. For example, if a physician in Alberta retains $200,000 of earnings within a professional corporation, income tax of $74,000 [(48 per cent minus 11 per cent) x $200,000] can be deferred until the funds are withdrawn.3 The deferral would be reduced to $50,000 [(48 per cent minus 23 per cent) x $200,000] if the professional corporation was not eligible for the small business deduction. The $74,000 (or $50,000) could be invested to generate additional investment income within the corporation.
However, tax changes originating from the 2018 Federal Budget can limit access to the small business deduction where a corporation or associated corporation(s) earns significant passive investment income, thereby reducing access to this tax deferral for taxation years that begin after 2018. Although these changes were somewhat less wide-ranging and dramatic than those originally proposed in the Federal government’s July 2017 Consultation Paper (which would have altered how investment income is taxed within a private corporation), these changes will impact many professional corporations owned by physicians.
Specifically, these measures claw back the Federal small business deduction (available to the first $500,000 of active business income) by $5 for every $1 of passive investment income above a $50,000 threshold. These rules encompass any associated corporations; in essence any organization – or group of companies – with both active and passive sources of income. Accordingly, a professional corporation earning over $150,000 of passive investment income itself or through an associated corporation, will no longer have access to the small business deduction and; therefore, would pay the higher general corporate tax rate.
For an incorporated physician in Alberta, the result is a decreased tax deferral of up to $60,000 [(23 per cent minus 11 per cent) x $500,000], where $500,000 or more of active business income is earned.4
The 2018 Federal Budget also introduced a second related measure affecting Canadian-controlled private corporations (“CCPC”) that seeks to limit access to a perceived tax advantage that a CCPC may realize when an eligible dividend is paid and refundable tax is recovered by the corporation.5
Income-splitting
Prior to the expansion of the “tax on split income” or “TOSI” rules, effective for the 2018 and subsequent taxation years, a professional corporation was often utilized by physicians to facilitate income-splitting with family members. This is because the governing bodies in many provinces allow physicians to include their spouse, children, and even parents as shareholders of their professional corporation, allowing dividends to be paid to them. To the extent that these family members (18 years of age or older) were taxed at lower marginal tax rates, the family’s overall tax bill was reduced.
Effective January 1, 2018, a shareholder (of any age) of a professional corporation who does not meet specific exceptions is subject to the expanded TOSI rules such that tax at the highest marginal rate is applied on any dividends paid to them directly or through a family trust. Thus, the ability to split income and reduce the family’s overall tax bill is now quite limited. The main exception available to a professional corporation is the “active engagement” of the family member shareholder(s) (aged 18 or over) in the business, in either the current year or any five preceding years. Guidance has been provided indicating that “active engagement” on a “regular, continuous and substantial basis” will generally constitute an average of 20 hours per week. In addition, if you are 65 or over, your professional corporation will typically be able to pay dividends to your spouse without the application of TOSI.
In circumstances where family members do not meet the substantial labour exclusion described above, alternative compensation structures such as wages may still be available. Wages earned by family members are not subject to the TOSI rules, but in order to ensure wages paid are deductible to the private corporation for tax purposes, the wage expense must be reasonable in the circumstances.
Most provinces have paralleled these Federal measures related to both income-splitting and reduced access to the small business deduction, although notably both the Ontario and New Brunswick governments did not parallel the Federal clawback of the small business deduction.4
Please consult with your tax advisor to determine the possible impact to your particular situation, particularly in light of the complexity of these rules.
Remuneration flexibility
Establishing a professional corporation provides a physician with additional remuneration options. Often physicians will draw a sufficient salary from their corporations to allow them to contribute the maximum to their Registered Retirement Savings Plans (“RRSPs”) each year. If additional money is required to support their lifestyle, the corporation can pay out additional income in the form of dividends.
Once you reach age 40 or older, you may want to consider establishing an Individual Pension Plan (“IPP”) – a defined benefit pension plan that is set up solely for your (or you and your spouse’s) benefit. An IPP allows you to increase your retirement assets, as higher contributions are allowed than what is permitted for RRSPs, and your professional corporation makes the tax-deductible contributions to fund the IPP. In light of the aforementioned tax changes limiting access to the small business deduction, this strategy may provide additional benefits.
Pay non-deductible business expenses from the corporation
Provided that a shareholder benefit would not result, it may be beneficial to have the professional corporation pay certain non-deductible business expenses such as life insurance premiums and entertainment expenses. Using corporate earnings – that are taxed at lower corporate rates compared to more costly personal after-tax dollars – is a more cost-effective way to fund these types of expenses, as less pre-tax income is needed to cover the expense.
Tax effective borrowing
If you would otherwise incur personal debt, such as a mortgage or a line of credit, you may instead be able to borrow funds from your corporation on a short-term basis at a cost that is lower than your current personal cost of financing the debt. When you take a shareholder loan from the corporation for this purpose, no immediate tax is payable; however, the loan generally must be repaid within one year after the end of the corporation’s taxation year in which the funds were drawn. If the loan is not repaid within this time frame (or is repaid and subsequently re-advanced), it will be included in your income and subject to tax at your personal marginal personal tax rate.
However, it is important to note that there may be a deemed interest benefit taxable to you to the extent that the rate of interest paid by you to the corporation is less than the Canada Revenue Agency’s (“CRA”) prescribed rate. Visit the CRA site at https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/ services/tax/prescribed-interest-rates.html for the current prescribed rate.
Capital gains exemption
The capital gains exemption (“CGE”) for qualified shares of a small business corporation may be available on the sale of shares of the professional corporation or on the shareholder’s death, to a lifetime exemption of $971,190 (for 2023). However, the shares may not be eligible where significant non-business assets have accumulated in the corporation as certain asset and holding period tests must be met in order to qualify for the exemption. Also, the availability of the capital gains exemption may be limited for physicians since many are often unable to sell their practices. Even if a sale is possible, a purchaser would generally prefer to acquire the assets of a professional corporation rather than the shares.
Ask your BMO financial professional for a copy of our article, Tax Planning for Small Business Owners for more information on the qualifying criteria for the CGE.
Asset protection
While a professional corporation does not mitigate professional liability (such as being sued for malpractice or negligence), it may provide some protection from business creditors who make claims against the professional corporation.
Other considerations
As a result of important tax changes affecting private corporations, the tax benefits previously provided by professional corporations may be significantly reduced. In addition, there are initial set up and ongoing tax filing and administrative costs, and complexities involved in establishing and maintaining a professional corporation, as well as payroll taxes in some provinces on remuneration.
Physicians who are just starting their careers may spend the majority of their income establishing their practices, paying down debt and supporting their lifestyles. To the extent they are not yet profitable, any losses from an unincorporated business could be applied against personal income from other sources. In addition, as many of the (tax) benefits of incorporation depend on the profitability and retention of excess profits in the corporation, many young physicians just starting their careers may prefer to postpone incorporation until such time as they have surplus cash flow that can remain in the professional corporation.
Conclusion
Operating your medical practice through a professional corporation can offer many benefits, but introduces additional complexities and tax considerations, especially in light of the important changes to the tax legislation affecting private companies. Because of the potentially reduced tax benefits and the additional complexities associated with a corporation (since each provincial governing body has its own rules and requirements), you are encouraged to consult with independent tax and legal advisors for direction in your particular circumstances.
For more information, please speak with your BMO financial professional.
1The Federal small business deduction (“SBD”) applies to the first $500,000 of income from an active business carried on in Canada by a Canadian-controlled private company (“CCPC”). It must be shared with associated CCPCs and may be clawed back for “large” corporations with taxable capital of associated corporate groups exceeding $10MM (and is completely eliminated when the associated group’s taxable capital exceeds $50M, for tax years that begin on or after the 2022 Federal Budget date of April 7, 2022) or, as discussed herein, where the level of passive investment income in the corporation (or associated corporate group) exceeds $50,000 annually. Similarly, the provinces and territories offer reduced rates, generally up to the first $500,000 of active business income, except for Saskatchewan ($600,000), for 2023. Quebec residents should take note of reduced eligibility to the provincial SBD, notably for corporations which are not in the primary or manufacturing sectors, unless the number of employee hours paid in the year by the corporation is at least 5,500 hours.
2The tax legislation governing the small business deduction includes rules that are intended to preclude the inappropriate multiplication of access to the deduction. Amendments originating from the 2016 Federal Budget expanded these rules to address the government’s concerns about certain complex partnership and corporate structures that multiply access to the small business deduction. The 2016 Federal Budget also introduced anti-avoidance rules to ensure that associated corporations cannot avoid the taxable capital limit and ensure that investment income derived from an associated corporation’s active business is ineligible for the small business deduction, in certain circumstances.
3Assuming the professional earns sufficient taxable income from all sources to be otherwise subject to tax at the top marginal rate on this additional income retained in the professional corporation.
4The illustration reflects the impact of the Alberta government paralleling the tax changes originating from the 2018 Federal Budget related to reduced access to the small business deduction. Notably, both the Ontario and the New Brunswick governments did not parallel this new Federal restriction, such that eligible Ontario and New Brunswick small businesses continue to receive the relevant provincial small business deduction without a similar clawback for provincial tax purposes.
5Corporate tax on passive investment income earned is taxed at a rate that approximates the highest marginal personal income tax rates. A portion of this tax is refundable to the corporation when a taxable dividend is paid to a shareholder. Previously, a corporation received a refund of tax paid on investment income even when a lower-taxed (eligible) dividend, sourced from active income taxed at the general corporate rate, was paid. Effective for taxation years that begin after 2018, changes originating from the 2018 Federal Budget will now allow a refund of the refundable tax only where a corporation pays a higher-taxed (non-eligible) dividend, except upon the payment of an eligible dividend where the refundable tax was sourced from the receipt of an eligible portfolio dividend.
BMO Private Wealth provides this publication for informational purposes only and it is not and should not be construed as professional advice to any individual. The information contained in this publication is based on material believed to be reliable at the time of publication, but BMO Private Wealth cannot guarantee the information is accurate or complete. Individuals should contact their BMO representative for professional advice regarding their personal circumstances and/or financial position. The comments included in this publication are not intended to be a definitive analysis of tax applicability or trust and estates law. The comments are general in nature and professional advice regarding an individual’s particular tax position should be obtained in respect of any person’s specific circumstances.
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